About cultural relativism
Cultural relativism refers to the idea that people’s values, knowledge and behaviour must be understood within their own cultural context.
This fundamental concept in the area of sociology was established by the German American anthropologist Franz Boas at the beginning of the 20th century.
Cultural relativism became a valuable tool at this time to combat the ethnocentrism that existed in epochal research and was carried out mostly by upper-class whites. Such research addressed issues related to blacks or indigenous people or people of a lower social class than the researchers.
Characteristics of cultural relativism
Among the characteristics of cultural relativism, these can be mentioned:
- The use of information gathered from research into the underlying value systems and beliefs of societies to support, on the basis of facts, different cultural perspectives and their moral state.
- The perception of culture as a flexible, plural and constantly evolving entity over different generations.
History
The thesis of cultural relativism, not much defended before the nineteenth century, can be found in the ideas of Herodotus, who described the traditions and customs of the peoples he visited without making an external judgement. Likewise, Plato, in his work Teeteto, described Protagoras in a controversial way and presented man as “the measure of all things”. Protagoras believes that each individual believes what is real to him. In that sense, it can be considered as a philosophical precursor of cultural relativism, for whom each individual perceives as real what his culture perceives as real.
Cultural relativism, and consequently moral relativism, developed in the West as a result of the encounter with other civilizations. The Europeans as the dominant group had the pretense of having moral values superior to those of the new cultures they encountered.
However, anthropology development progressively reduced this perception, especially at the end of the 19th century thanks to studies in which researchers set aside their own cultural values in order to immerse themselves in other cultures and be able to understand their nature. Thus, the western world discovered different perspectives from the traditional ones, something that Montesquieu tried to illustrate through his work “Persian Letters” s and Voltaire through his stories.
Representatives
Franz Boas considered that all cultural forms have the same value and that the differences that exist between different societies lie in their historical, social or geographical characteristics. For Boas, it was not true that societies went through evolutionary stages as proposed by evolutionism.
Criticism
- Although cultural relativism favors the understanding of other cultures, this does not imply that we should positively value or justify all their attitudes. If so, we should accept behaviour such as slavery, racism, sexism or cannibalism.
- From the current of cultural relativism, it is not allowed to argue about what is good or what is bad, right or wrong, even when from one’s own cultural perceptive, the bad of the other culture is evident. For example, from the standpoint of cultural relativism, Afghan policies about not educating women could not be condemned.
- Beliefs and purposes of other cultures should be respected, even if they visibly infringe human rights. In that case, the sense of ethics would be threatened by the absence of universal moral parameters that would allow people’s behavior to be valued.
Importance of cultural relativism
From a cultural relativism position, we can recognize our cultural forms, be they beautiful, ugly, virtuous or abominable. These are what determine what we consider good and bad. This differs not only in national cultures but also in terms of subcultures organized by class, race, gender, region, religion, among others.
Examples
- The cultural relativism leaves in evidence for example as the first meal of the day, the breakfast, can vary from one place to another, from one culture to another. What is considered a typical breakfast in Venezuela (arepas, empanadas, cornmeal cachapas) is different from what is considered typical for breakfast in Argentina (bread). Also, in some parts of the U.S. they eat fish soup for breakfast, which may be strange for others.
- Nudity is another example that can illustrate cultural relativism. In many countries around the world, being naked in public places can be interpreted as a sexual attitude. But in certain cultures, public nudity is part of everyday life, as is the case in different indigenous cultures around the world.
- In some cultures, polygamy is an accepted social and religious practice while in others, it is morally wrong to have a marital or loving relationship with more than one person.
- Religious beliefs other than our own must be respected. These must be respected even when we do not believe in God or profess any religion.
